Impacts from Space and Mass Extinction Events

Depict idea of faunal progression and utilization of fossils in connection and in the development of Earth history. - Principle of Faunal Succession: Strata of Eke age can be perceived by the fossils they contain regardless of whether the outcrops of layers are isolated by enormous separations topographically, this solitary works since species have advanced through time C] more established types of life vanish and new structures create - utilizing the appearance and vanishing of fossils to partition land time Is the study of physiotherapyD. Perceive the characteristics that make fossils valuable in physiotherapy. †Physiotherapy: every fossil species is said to have a range through geographical time 0 it exists in the land record from the point that it advances to the point that it becomes wiped out E. Recognize significant authentic figures in the improvement of stereography and physiotherapy. Diocese supervisor of Armada, James Usher (1581-1665) determined the Earth to be 6000 years of age by including all the dates referenced in the Bible and showed up at a date of October 22, 4004 BC as the making of planet Earth (hard to acknowledge by numerous individuals) - Late asses and asses researchers began to infer that the Earth Is antiquated and had experienced a lot of progress since Its commencement. This George Xavier (1769-1832) inspected the remaining parts of mammoths in Europe finishing up they were a once living animal categories that had become terminated F.Appreciate the size of changes that can happen over geographical time scales. †Geological time scale †to speak to the changing character of the Earth through time, fossils were utilized to associate between various districts and describe specific times of Earth's history - Today we have a period scale that partitions and bedsides Earth's 4. 6 billion years into different timespans G. Show a portion of the significant regions/times of the geographical time scale and value the relative sca le between the Phonetics and the Precambrian.This is because of an uncommon expansion of fossils at the base of the Phonetics in a period called the Cambrian. - Most animals with hard parts like shells, teeth, and inside skeletons advanced here as they fossil significantly more promptly than delicate bodied animals - notwithstanding an expanding biodiversity as new species developed, huge numbers of the new â€Å"hard part creatures† would all the more promptly structure fossils. H. See how elimination occasions are connected to the structure of the topographical time call. Times are wide developments that are especially critical as they speak to a gathering of land periods. They speak to times when there has been a significant change in the Earth's biosphere. - The base of the Phonetics is characterized by the development of animals with hard parts. - The base of the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic depends on the rise of new species following a mass termination at the highest poin t of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic separately. - The base of all periods is characterized on the rise of radiation of new species l.List a portion of the significant improvements throughout the entire existence of life on Earth. ) At least 30% of Earth's species must be lost 2) It must be over a wide scope of geographies, not confined to any one specialty. 3) It must have short/abrupt term (around 1 million years greatest) K. Rundown the â€Å"Big Five† mass eradication occasions and their request through time. 1) Cretaceous/Polygene (Tertiary) (K/Peg), 65 Ma 2) Late - errant's, 205 Ma 3) Perm/Triassic, 251 Ma 4) Late Devotion, 360-375 Ma 5. Late Ordination, 440-450 Ma L. Recognize wide eradication delivering wonders. ) Biological causes: Organisms being united that once lived in segregation can cause mass eradications (ex. A significant number of the New Zealand ground abiding flying creature fauna were crushed when human trackers and afterward European warm blooded creatures ( felines, rodents, hounds) were presented) - The three fundamental methods of organically initiated eliminations: a. Rivalry between animals possessing the equivalent environmental specialty b. (Unreasonable) Predation: Predators don't need to do the entire Job, Just drive a populace to a low enough level then â€Å"random extinction† can finish the extinction.The thought behind an irregular annihilation is that, in spite of the fact that the quantity of people in an animal categories may develop and the species may spread over a wide region, thing guarantees the perpetual endurance of an animal groups. C. Pathogens: malady being acquainted with a territory by approaching plants or creatures 2) Earth-based causes: Extinctions impacted by Earth-based structural procedures might be brought about by changes in mainland design or changes in environmental organization a. Changes in mainland design: changes in the conveyance of landmasses can have a significant effect.Two significan t impacts of mainland setups: - Changes in atmosphere, sea cyclist, ocean level. Climate designs and the development of the seas are straightforwardly connected to the appropriation of mainlands. The Late Ordination eradication - The more noteworthy the landmass the lower the assorted variety. Right now we have a moderately high biodiversity. This is to some degree because of the quantity of landmasses that are essentially detached from each other. In times when there is a serious extent of mainland discontinuity, development can continue in separation to deliver a wide range of animal groups on various landmasses.If plate tectonics cause the arrangement of a huge interconnected land mass there will be more rivalry among species and lower biodiversity. 0 The Perm/Triassic Extinction b. Changes in the air: volcanic movement can likewise have serious impacts. Gases, for example, carbon dioxide can cause nursery warming and vaporizers may cause climatic cooling. These can fundamentally influence the wellbeing of the biota c. Extraterrestrial effects d. Blend of numerous components: it is far-fetched that any one factor would be answerable for a worldwide emergency in the biosphere.M. Depict the late Ordination and Perm-Triassic annihilation. - Late Ordination: Australia, moves towards the South Pole during the late Ordination causing an extreme ice age. As water was secured up as ice sheets at the Southern Pole, ocean level fell. This may have severy affected animals that live in the shallow water, lose to the mainland edges. As the ocean withdrew off the mainland rack and into the sea premise shallow marine biological systems would have been crushed. The Perm/Triassic Extinction (the WORST day for the Biosphere, 251 Ma): At the finish of the Permian, plate tectonics had united all the mainlands to frame the excessively landmass of Pangaea - Between 95-98% of all species would go into annihilation - It hit both sea and land-based environments and was under 1 mill ion years in span - Many of the regular Paleozoic marine animals would endure seriously through this termination including trilobites, barbershops, and crinoids.On land, enormous creatures of land and water and well evolved creature like reptiles would be gravely affected. - Potential reasons for the Perm/Triassic termination (includes various occasions occurring simultaneously): 1) Continental arrangement: drop in biodiversity. The more noteworthy the landmass the more prominent the opposition between species. Toward the finish of the Permian, the superscription of Pangaea or â€Å"all lands† would have brought numerous species into direct rivalry. 2) Sea level fall: less sea edge activity.Sea floor spreading eased back its pace during the Permian, coming about that the maritime edges were littler in size and dislodged less water. Therefore seas withdrew from shallow territories into the more profound bowl messing up animals that lived in any staying shallow marine condition s. 3) Oceanic stagnation: The end of the development of Pangaea saw the finish of an ice age. Cold polar waters presumably vanished and sea course eased back or halted. This would have decreased ventilation of profound sea waters murdering off numerous more profound marine species.In expansion infrequent upset of stale water could have carried oxygen poor waters to shallower marine networks too. 4) Climate change: Due to the development of an enormous landmass, restricted would have been a lot drier and subject to dry season. 5) Siberian Traps: gigantic volcanic movement in Russia: Around 2-3 million kamala basaltic magma were created inside a million years. Carbon dioxide from the volcanic movement and methane brought about by softening of gas hydrates would have brought about nursery warming of the planet.In expansion, gas discharge from volcanoes would have additionally created corrosive downpour impacts. 6) Possible effects: Although still extremely dubious, it is conceivable th at the Earth experienced effects space during this time too. N. Portray the character of eliminations at the K/Peg limit. Similarly as the finish of the Permian annihilation denoted the start of another gathering of periods (the Mesozoic) the finish of the Cretaceous elimination is moreover so unmistakable that it denotes the start of the most recent gathering of periods, the Cenozoic. Attributes: 1) Over half of all species on the planet would go into elimination during the k/Peg annihilation occasion 2) One land, hardly any animals more than 25 barrel in weight would endure 3) by and large, the termination was much increasingly extreme in the seas with around 80-90% of marine species including the ammonites and marine reptiles going into eradication - An ether and child logical group, Louis and Walter Olivarez brought the K/Peg termination crosses the K/Peg limit in Gobi, Italy.The I-CM mud layer lies straightforwardly on the most recent Cretaceous shakes and was seen as enhanced in the component iridium (uncommon at the Earth's surface but in this layer was improved over xx above foundation 0 has now been recorded in numerous different segments far and wide that ride the Cretaceous. Polygene limit) - Iridium is known to exist in higher fixations in extra-earthbound articles, for example, space rocks. Olivarez recommended that he dirt layer enhanced in iridium has been delivered by a meteor or comet more than 10 km in width affecting the E

Journal Article Critiques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diary Article Critiques - Essay Example In this manner, evaluating an exploration work, accordingly, includes a cautious assessment of all parts of the investigation, to survey its quality, confinements, implications and importance, in an offer to increase sufficient cutting-edge information and give fundamental data important to additionally examines. Holosko (2005, pg17) opined that independent of the point of any exploration study, before taking an inside and out glance at the various areas of the examination, it is imperative to initially inspect the title, conceptual, author’s alliance and composing style. The motivation behind title in an exploration study is to fill in as recognizable proof, to give data and to succinctly portray the substance of such research paper. Holosko (2005, pg19) contended that exploration titles should be precise, appropriately composed and ought to evade non-serious inquiries. The title of the investigation under survey adequately fulfills these standards. It gives an understanding into what the investigation is about and in the wake of perusing the report, one can say that the title precise portrayed the substance of the exploration. The composing style and language of the examination article likewise justifies honor. The language is straightforward enough for everybody to comprehend without essentially subverting the specialized idea of the examination. The composing style likewise agrees to the APA composing styles, both in referencing, references and organization. Be that as it may, the areas of the report didn't follow the arrangement depicted by Holosko (2005) as the essential segments of any exploration study. The Introduction/Purpose subsections: Introduction, Purpose/Objective of the investigation, Rationale of the examination and Literature survey, was either totally absent or not accurately ordered. Despite the fact that, this didn't detract from the general legitimacy of the exploration exertion, it notwithstanding, is a horrendous oversight. A theoretical should furnish the surface peruser with top to bottom data about an examination study, without taking as well

Intercultural Relationships And Communication In School Education Essay Free Essays

Globalization has made states and developments interrelated and interconnected with one another. This applies perhaps in each feature of human life-from provincial and legislative settlements, internationalization of concern and exchange and even guidance at single degrees. The universe has gone basically littler and we currently experience a feeling of planetary modest community. We will compose a custom paper test on Intercultural Relationships And Communication In School Education Essay or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now With the advancements in data and conveying designing and travel industry, geological hindrances can no longer hinder discussing. This prompts the sensational expansion in intercultural imparting possibilities. Regardless of whether through processing machine intervened imparting or face to go up against conveying, we would now be able to exchange data and beginner speaking with individuals of different nationalities and development. In the field of guidance, decent variety has other than been seen to increment over the mature ages. Be that as it may, alongside these expanded possibilities, are employments brought about by thumps of social contrasts. These battles are realized by boundaries to strong intercultural imparting. Subsequently, to show signs of improvement of these obstructions and amplify the obtaining chances from intercultural conveying, we have to get intercultural imparting achievements which were gotten from the regular relational speaking with emphasize on the specific highlights of relational conveying. The scope of this review will incorporate these intercultural conveying employments and intercultural imparting achievements will be seen in the noticeable radiation of guidance as a foundation that encourages social assorted variety and gives opportunities to intercultural conveying. Articulation of the Problem The prompt reaction of educators in the rising assorted variety in the schoolroom is incorporation. Be that as it may, incorporation is contended to hold been a disappointment thusly toing diversenesss other than disablements, sexual orientation and confidence. In the happening to globalization, decent variety in the schoolroom may other than be credited to social contrasts. It very well may be expected that intercultural connections have other than been bing inside the schoolroom scene. With this, it tends to be contended that intercultural conveying will be a progressively viable plan to go to social decent variety inside the schoolroom. Consequently, this overview means to go to this exploration request: How can intercultural connections and conveying be depicted in the schoolroom scene? The particular requests that this study will arraign are the undermentioned: What are current states of intercultural connections and interchanges? ; What are the bing intercultural imparting occupations Rodriguez High School students? ; What are social hindrances and elements taking to these occupations? ; What are the conclusions or results of these employments? ; How talented are members in intercultural conveying? ; and What useful conveying plan could be suggested for utilization? Points of the Study Still inside the scope of globalization, internationalization of guidance is other than a developing inclination. This prompts perception of social decent variety inside schoolroom scenes. Regularly, social contrasts lead to employments, for example, terrorizing, categorizing and in some cases, occasions of school power. Despite the fact that consideration plans are applied in the ongoing mature ages, it has non really settled the occupations inside the student degrees. Hence, to maintain a strategic distance from these occupations, this review intends to look into intercultural connections and the intercultural conveying inside a schoolroom puting with the utilization of occurrence overview examination. To achieve this reason, this study proposes to satchel the undermentioned points: portray the current status of intercultural connections and interchanges ; place intercultural conveying occupations among chose secondary school students of Rodriguez High School understudies ; locate the social boundaries and elements taking to these occupations ; occur out the conclusions or results of these employments ; step the intercultural conveying achievements of the members ; encourage useful imparting plan. Proposes of the Study This review is tied down in the reason that intercultural connections and imparting can be seen inside the schoolroom puting with the use of example study. The particular places for this study are the undermentioned: intercultural connections and imparting exist in the schoolroom scene ; there are employments in the effectuality of the conveying ; there are social hindrances that impede effectiveness of intercultural imparting ; these occupations and boundaries lead to increasingly genuine derivations ; intercultural imparting achievements are factors for increasingly solid conveying ; and intercultural conveying plans can aid turn toing social decent variety in a schoolroom scene. Survey OF RELEVANT LITERATURE This development gives a concise writing reappraisal of the builds identified with this review including social assorted variety, intercultural connections, and intercultural conveying. Assorted variety and Cultural Differences Corsini ( 1984 ) portrayed social contrasts as a product of ways its kin work, estimation of possessions and way of thought which are affected by human progress ‘s guidelines or social images. The human advancement ‘s guidelines and possessions are so disregarded coevalss to coevalss. Aside from this corporate perception, social contrasts are other than seen at the single degree which relates to character versus the cultural frameworks of highlights ( Hall, 2006 ) . Social contrasts in guidance are seen in three sorts: widespread, essential and auxiliary. General social contrasts happen all around as each child needs to set to new progress in the schoolroom that is much of the time extremely not the same as that of the human progress at place. Essential social contrasts, on the different manus, go on when individuals of various and predominant human advancement instruct their progress to individuals who as of now have their ain development. This prompts auxiliary social contrasts wherein the deliberate minorities are eager to acknowledge the prevailing progress while the nonvoluntary minorities oppose it ( Hall, 2006 ) . More as often as possible than non, social contrasts lead to arranged kinds of employments and troublesome conditions. While there is presently a slender line isolating deliberate and nonvoluntary minorities, battles inside a foundation or association are as often as possible credited to clanks between two unique developments. With the happening to globalization and the universe going essentially littler, social contrasts become increasingly seeable. Intercultural relationship presents is going increasingly unavoidable. Intercultural Relationships and Problems One factor that unconventionally underscored intercultural relationship is globalization. Despite the fact that there are distinctive perceptual encounters and meanings of globalization, the regular subject among affordable, political and anthropological purposes of position is connectedness. People groups of various developments can no longer populate to be correspondingly sole to that of different human advancements ( Samover, Porter and McDaniel, 2007 ) . This connectedness realizes intercultural connections in all features of human life. Thus, there is an interest to stifle occupations identified with social contrasts and to set up great intercultural connections. Some activity that blocks great intercultural relationship are categorizing and singularity freeze. At the point when an individual is seen to be an individual from his ain social gathering, he is constrained into the predefined class and his alone highlights and capablenesss are much of the time ignored. This undermines the single whether the generalizing is certain or negative ( Gudykunst, 2005 ) . In any case, Adler and Gunderson ( 2008 ) contended that good intercultural relationship is best accomplished by doing social assorted variety and contrasts progressively seeable. In spite of the fact that affirmation of social contrasts might be seen to be oversimplified, rough, racialist, male bullhead, or categorizing it ought to be kept in head that affirmation is not quite the same as judging. Acknowledgment goes with respect of the distinctions and likenesses each piece great. Deciding, on the different manus, incorporate inclination that constrains the perceptual experience of one ‘s full intensity. Decent variety can be ideal for intercultural relationship when social contrasts are perceived without inclination. Perhaps the most ideal approaches to achieve social synergism and great intercultural relationship is by holding fast to rules of solid conveying and intercultural imparting. Intercultural Communication In this paper, we receive the meaning of conveying as a trade of musings between two substances the essential constituent of relational imparting. Correspondence along these lines, is a bipartisan strategy of spring and take. While the primary speculations of imparting broke down to be one way as holding a start ( starting ) and finish ( getting framework ) , it has been presently broadly acknowledged that start and accepting framework is supplanted as members of the cooperating stream of musings. Intercultural conveying is a kind of imparting occurring between individuals with various civic establishments. This imparting as a rule makes members biting the dust and tense since they may happen it hard to see each other ‘s way of accepting. They may other than use distinctive verbal and non-verbal codifications inside the class of the conveying. Consequently, the outcome of this kind of imparting is less unsurprising so significances of such codifications ought to be haggled cautiously ( Fielding, 2006 ) . Correspondence is intercultural when contrasts in social positions frustrate the formatio

The Social Construction of Sexuality and Gender Article

The Social Construction of Sexuality and Gender - Article Example The arrangement of people into two parallel gatherings is an all inclusive wonder which in numerous social orders favors men in this way making power uneven characters and sex disparities. In Britain just as all through a great part of the world, thoughts of sexuality and sex have verifiably been for conceded and seen to be common. As indicated by Jeffrey Weeks, We took in at an early stage from numerous sources that normal sex is the thing that happens with individuals from the inverse sex...The social procedures through which this is occurring are mind boggling. However, the suggestions are clear, they're the ones we despite everything live with. In any case, there is the suspicion of a sharp differentiation between the genders, a division of intrigue, even an enmity ('the skirmish of the genders', which must be dubiously spanned. Men will be people - and infrequently the twain will meet (Weeks, 1990, 13). In like manner, while the sex of an individual is intrinsic and set up during childbirth, sex and human sexuality are presently comprehended to be molded by social powers and socially built ideas with significant cultural implications. Social constructivism is the conviction that specific thoughts, convictions, practices, and ideas are socially developed and formed by ecological variables. The contention that sexual orientation jobs were socially recommended didn't show up in insightful writing until the 1940s with Klein’s The Feminine Character and along these lines started an investigation into the discretion of the social classifications of male and female. Powerful researchers, for example, Judith Butler, Jeffrey Weeks, and Michel Foucault have tried to reveal insight onto the socially recommended nature of sex arrangement, and onto the lives people all through the world with an eye to the in the implications of the sexual and sex double.

How to Increase Your Essay Word Count

How to Increase Your Essay Word Count When you have an essay assignment with a minimum word count, one of the worst feelings is when you believe you have finished only to find that youre still well below the minimum you have to reach (as opposed to having too many words). Many students try to solve this problem by rewriting the essays sentences to make them wordier or splitting contractions. While these do increase word count, they usually make the essay weaker in the process. It doesnt have to be that way. If you ever find yourself in a position where you need to increase the number of words for an essay, below are some simple techniques which can help you add to your writing while improving it instead of writing unneeded filler. Add Examples Skim through your essay looking for any place you have used an example to make a point. In most cases, you should be able to provide additional examples which will make your essay stronger by showing your understanding of the topic while also increasing the word count. You can also go through the essay and look for statements made where inserting an example would be appropriate to help support the statement. Address Different Viewpoints An effective way of increasing word count and improving your essay at the same time is to address different viewpoints to your own. You have the opportunity to discuss how these alternative viewpoints differ from the conclusions you have made, and it gives you an opportunity to explain why you believe your conclusions are superior. This shows you have considered a range of different opinions while coming to your conclusions, and in doing so make your essay stronger while adding more words. Clarify Statements When you find the statements in your writing, if inserting an example doesnt make sense, then clarifying the statement may be appropriate. This can be achieved by inserting one or more specific statements to clarify the original one. A common way to do this is to follow the statement with, In other words Its important not to over-clarify statements or use this for every statement you write as it will begin to look like filler, but using it sporadically throughout your essay can increase the word count and show you perfectly understand the points youre trying to make. Find Additional Sources Another way to improve your essay and increase word count is to find additional sources you havent previously mentioned which support the statements and conclusions you have made. The more sources you have, the stronger the essay will be in most cases. Spending some time searching for additional sources to add to the essay can be a great way to add quality content to it. Use Quotations Chances are you already have appropriate quotations in your essay, and if thats the case, skip over this suggestion. Adding more will likely not add to your essay. If you havent used any, however, finding appropriate quotations from experts in the field that support your statements can be an excellent way to add words to your essay while improving it at the same time. Rework Introduction and Conclusion If all of the above havent enabled you to reach your word count minimum and you need some filler, look to put it in your introduction and conclusion rather than the body of the essay. Most teachers give more leeway with the introduction and conclusion to be wordy than the guts of the essay. This is something you should try to avoid if at all possible (its never good to be wordier than you have to be), but if you tried everything else, its better to do it in these two places than in the heart of the essay. Page Count If youre writing an essay which has a minimum page count instead of a minimum word count, the above suggestions will work, but you have a bit more wiggle room as well. You can make slight adjustments to the font and font size you use through a Words per Page Counter. As long as you dont go overboard, this can be a relatively easy way to increase page count while not taking away from the essay. (Photo courtesy of Caleb Roenigk)

Impact of Nursing and Physician Shortage - Free Essay Example

Nurse and Physician shortages are the key elements to unrealistic workloads. Due to the staffing issue, higher demands on the nurses affect the care of the patients. Due to the shortage, it forces nurses physicians to work longer hours, which causes injury, fatigue and burnouts. (Fedele, 2017) Even through varies mental health issues and even physical problems Physicians are expected to work their entire shifts despite how they may be feeling. Burnout is a different level of regular stress; burnout occurs when a physician or nurse are have a stressed and overworked mentally and physically. A four-state survey of 95,499 registered nurses, were assessed regarding the working conditions in California, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Florida. The Nurses answer questioned about their setting, role, work environment, experience of burnout and job satisfaction. (McHugh,2012) The goal of the survey is to examine nurses job satisfaction and burnout by the faculty setting, and their roles. From the nurses that were surveyed it was found that about 51 percent who provided direct patient care in a hospital setting than nursing homes, expressed dissatisfaction of their jobs and the feeling of being burned out. (McHugh, 2012) It is found that patient satisfaction is lower in healthcare organizations where nurses are feeling burned out and dissatisfied with their working conditions. The nurse to patient ratio contributes to the nurses workload but also it affects the welfare of the patient as well. Healthcare organizations demand for physicians and nurses to perform unrealistic workloads, many healthcare professionals are starting to create shortcuts to decrease the time that they are spending with patients. This put many patients in dangerous situations and also causing a negative impact on the healthcare organization. Another huge impact in a negative nurse and physician outcomes are they miss time to complete their entire workload when they are overworked. When these healthcare professionals are overworked, they tend to lack the full amount time to complete the all of their tasks that is required to be finished by the end of their shift. Physicians and nurse will not be able to meet the needs of their patients because of the longer shifts they are being require to work and also the excessive amount of patients that are needing to be cared for. This does not o nly effect hospitals this also effects primary care physicians and general practices. This will cause patient satisfaction to decrease and cause a negative health risk to their patients. Morality rates are showing increasing due to the understaffing of nurses; Flavia Munn provides results from a study that was completed in nine European countries that found the increase of mortality rates when patient care is missed, Each 10% increase in the amount of care left undone was associated with a 16% increase in the likelihood of a patient dying after a common surgical procedure, the study shows. (Munn,2017) . Research completed in England between 2008 and 2012, show that one on one nursing in the infants intensive care unit decrease by about one-third. Because of this decrease statistic are showing that the average 4.5 infants in 100 died each month. (Nursing Standard, 2014) Unfortunately, this is a realistic reality that is affecting a great number of the countries throughout the world due to the lack of nurses and physicians available to care for the patients.

The Fourteen Points of Woodrow Wilson

The Fourteen Points were a set of diplomatic principles developed by the administration of President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. These were intended as a statement of American war aims as well as to provide a path to peace. Highly progressive, the Fourteen Points were generally well received when announced in January 1918 but some doubt existed as to whether they could be implemented in a practical sense. That November, Germany approached the Allies for a peace based on Wilsons ideas and an armistice was granted. In the Paris Peace Conference that followed, many of the points were set aside as the need for reparations, imperial competition, and a desire for revenge on Germany took precedence. Background In April 1917, the United States entered World War I on the side of the Allies. Previously angered by the sinking of Lusitania, President Woodrow Wilson led the nation to war after learning of the Zimmermann Telegram and Germanys resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. Though possessing a massive pool of manpower and resources, the United States required time to mobilize its forces for war. As a result, Britain and France continued to bear the brunt of the fighting in 1917 as their forces took part in the failed Nivelle Offensive as well as the bloody battles at Arras and Passchendaele. With American forces preparing for combat, Wilson formed a study group in September 1917 to develop the nations formal war aims. The Inquiry Known as the Inquiry, this group was headed by Colonel Edward M. House, a close advisor to Wilson, and guided by philosopher Sidney Mezes. Possessing a wide variety of expertise, the group also sought to research topics that could be key issues at a postwar peace conference. Guided by the tenets of progressivism which had steered American domestic policy during the previous decade, the group worked to apply these principles to the international stage. The result was a core list of points which stressed self-determination of peoples, free trade, and open diplomacy. Reviewing the Inquirys work, Wilson believed that it could serve as the basis for a peace agreement. President Woodrow Wilson addresses Congress on January 8, 1918. Public Domain Wilsons Speech Going before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918, Wilson outlined American intentions and presented the Inquirys work as the Fourteen Points. Largely drafted by Mezes, Walter Lippmann, Isaiah Bowman, and David Hunter Miller, the points stressed the elimination of secret treaties, the freedom of the seas, limitations on armaments, and the resolution of imperial claims with the goal of self-determination for colonial subjects. Additional points called for the German withdrawal from occupied parts of France, Belgium, and Russia as well as encouragement for the latter, then under Bolshevik rule, to remain in the war. Wilson believed that international acceptance of the points would lead to a just and lasting peace. The Fourteen Points as set forth by Wilson were: The Fourteen Points I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. XII. The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of an autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. Reaction Though Wilsons Fourteen Points were well received by the public at home and abroad, foreign leaders were skeptical as to whether they could be effectively applied to the real world. Leery of Wilsons idealism, leaders such as David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando were hesitant to accept the points as formal war aims. In an effort to gain support from the Allied leaders, Wilson tasked House with lobbying their behalf. Prime Minister David Lloyd George. Library of Congress On October 16, Wilson met with British intelligence chief, Sir William Wiseman, in an effort to secure Londons approval. While Lloyd Georges government was largely supportive, it refused to honor the point regarding freedom of the seas and also desired to see a point added regarding war reparations. Continuing to work through diplomatic channels, the Wilson Administration secured support for the Fourteen Points from France and Italy on November 1. This internal diplomatic campaign among the Allies paralleled a discourse that Wilson was having with German officials which began on October 5. With the military situation deteriorating, the Germans finally approached the Allies regarding an armistice based on the terms of the Fourteen Points. This was concluded on November 11 at Compià ¨gne and brought an end to the fighting. Paris Peace Conference As the Paris Peace Conference began in January 1919, Wilson quickly found that actual support for the Fourteen Points was lacking on the part of his allies. This was largely due to the need for reparations, imperial competition, and a desire to inflict a harsh peace on Germany. As the talks progressed, Wilson was increasingly unable to garner acceptance of his Fourteen Points. Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau. Library of Congress In an effort to appease the American leader, Lloyd George and Clemenceau consented to the formation of the League of Nations. With several of the participants goals conflicting, the talks moved slowly and ultimately produced a treaty which failed to please any of the nations involved. The final terms of the treaty, which included little of Wilsons Fourteen Points on which German had agreed to the armistice, were harsh and ultimately played a key role in setting the stage for World War II.

Economic Growth and the Environment - 1594 Words

Economic Growth and Environment Introduction Economic growth and the use of environmental resources go hand in hand. No country or economy will be able to sustain economic growth without using the natural resources available in the environment. The constant need for resources is the fuel for economic growth and any country going through a heightened level of economic activity tends to use more resources from the environment. Relationship between economic growth and environment The relationship between the economic growth of a country and the use of its environmental resources is inverted U-shaped. Also known as the Kuznets curve, the rapid pace of economic growth is characterized by depletion of resources as well as accumulation of waste. When the development reaches higher levels, the emphasis is more on information and knowledge-building and the usage of environmental resources stagnates. When the highest level of development is reached, the emphasis is turned to providing a higher quality of people for the residents of the country and this leads to a decrease in the use of environmental resources. Overall, the relationship curve starts off higher, stagnates and then decreases, resulting in an inverted U-shape (Panayotou, 1994). The first part of this relationship is highly evident among developing nations that are looking to strengthen its economic position. These countries, unfortunately, have to extensively tap into their natural resources to achieve sustainedShow MoreRelatedEconomics : Economic Growth And Environment Essay1760 Words   |  8 PagesEconomic Growth and Environment Professor: Wuu-Long Lin Student: Yin-Chun Chou Student ID: 11602318 Table of Content 1. Introduction 2. Review of the literature 3. The methodology used in the study - Environmental Kuznets Curves 4. Analysis 4.1 Industrial Ecology 4.2 Is Environmental Protection Too Expensive? 4.3 Does Environmental Protection Reduce Economic Growth? 5. Policy Recommendation List of References 1. Introduction The natural environment is the foundationRead MoreImpact Of Economic Growth On The Environment2447 Words   |  10 Pagesdrive for prosperity and economic growth by developing countries has had enormous consequences on the environment. The negative effects of these industrialisation and massive expansions along economic lines, without proper environmental impact analysis and environmental expertise has led to the degradation of the environment in a very rapid manner. Especially in nowadays, as the environment problem is increasingly severe, more people desire to live in a clean environment. The G20 has already madeRead MoreEconomic Growth Of China And Its Effect On The Environment1621 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Economic growth in china and its effect on the environment in china. Abstract: Economic development is very critical for better future of any country and its residence but for one to gain something thing they must lose something. This has been the case with china’s economy and the environment. China’s growing manufacturing sector and increase in consumption has taken the country’s economy to new heights. Today china is one of the largest economic powerhouse in world, but at what cost. China’sRead MoreRelationship Between Economic Growth and Environment1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe relationship between the economic growth and environment is and may always remain a complex matter. Some perceive the emergence of new pollution problems unsuccessful when dealing with global warming. There are others however, that have a more optimistic view. They see tremendous progress made in improving air quality in major cities and note ever improving human condition which was made possible by the advances of technology. The limited natural resources of the planet had many years beenRead MoreThe Impact Of Economic Growth On The World And The Environment3597 Words   |  15 Pagesby (Reich, 2010), that economic growth leads to prosperity in the developed, emerging and developing world. The argument is focused on the negative effects of slow economic growth for the world and the environment. This essay provides a selection of theories with unique perspectives regarding the different impacts of economic growth on countries around the world. It will also explore the different methods/theories discussed by academics for best achieving economic growth. Aiming to provide a criticalRead MoreEffect Of Economic Growth On Energy Demand And The Environment1763 Words   |  8 PagesEffect of Economic Growth in China on Energy Demand and the Environment Introduction China has grown economically to be one of the most important countries in the world; with over 1.3 billion population and the sheer size of the country, this economic phenomenon is unprecedented. If only this were the only growth China has experienced, then it would really be a phenomenon, sadly, it is not. China s drastic growth in the economy has also lead to a few other drastic growths, but it is not forRead MoreThe Correlation Between Economic Growth And The Deterioration Of Our Environment Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen about the environment, whose quality is not indicated in the measure of GDP. Some scholars say that there is nothing wrong with our current natural ecosystem and that we should not worry, other scholars say that we should be more concerned about our environment today than we ever were. Many studies were done to validate both these hypotheses which left people divided, but it is always better to be safe than sorry. Economists have found the correlation betwe en economic growth and the deteriorationRead MoreThe Single Parent Family Structural Environment And Economic Conditions Can Hinder The Development And Growth Of A Child936 Words   |  4 Pagessuch single parent homes have been negatively affected psychologically and socially which then is reflected in their behavior as well. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the single parent family structural environment and economic conditions can hinder the development and growth of a child. Due to the rise in divorce rates and children born out of unmarried couples, it is more likely for children to be growing up in single-parent homes. According to Statistics Canada (2011) the ratio of motherRead MoreThe Economic Vs. Environmental Growth Debate1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe economic vs. environmental growth debate has been a topic discussed in America for quite some time. The perfect example of this is the decision is whether America should to drill onshore for oil rather than impo rting their oil. Many believe that there is a relationship between the two. As the economy grows, the environment takes a knock. Some argue the need to stop economic growth and focus more on the harm that is being inflicted on the environment. As we drill onshore for oil, we are ableRead MoreInternational Political Market Values And Subsequent Free Trade Agreements869 Words   |  4 Pagestrade agreements are at the forefront of economic globalization. As the global markets and economic competition intensifies, nations move towards trade liberalization. International trade agreements by extension of economic globalization are more often prioritized before environmental agreements. In fact it is evident that environmental policy is rarely prioritized over economic growth. The neo-liberal market ideals have encouraged the development of economic globalization and therefore sustain the

Hearing Loss And The Absence Of Peripheral Vision

Partial hearing loss and the absence of peripheral vision were the disabilities assigned to me for assimilation of a person with a disability; so that investigation and research could expose my self-response to disability, expand communication capabilities, encounter the culture of disability, heighten awareness of occupational shifts along with learning about the accessibility of accommodating technology or support systems while discerning safety elements in my new context. In order to create a sense of being a person with disabilities, the facilitation of ear plugs were used for partial hearing loss, while glasses with index cards blocked my peripheral vision so that tunnel vision was exclusive. This assimilation was caused by a scenario involving trauma to the head after a hiking accident in the Sierra Nevadas. Upon injury, a detached retina compromised my peripheral vision with symptoms of bright flashes of light, shadow in part of my visual field, floaters in the eye, and o ccasional blurred vision (Medline, 2015). Hearing loss was also considerable due to a perforated eardrum (damage of ossicles behind the eardrums) with symptoms including: mumbled or blurred speech, trouble telling high pitched sounds from one another, difficulty with hearing in noisy places, certain sounds seemed too loud, and, lastly, difficulty following conversations when two or more people were talking ( Medline, 2014). While enacting as a person with acquired disabilities of partialShow MoreRelated wwII profile Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Wedman’s first action was on the hills of Mt. Della in support of Company â€Å"B†. Wedman describes the movement down the slope and up the far side attempting to reach the crest of the mountain. â€Å"It was like I was wearing blinders, I had no peripheral vision I just kept moving.† said Wedman, â€Å"The sounds of gun shots and mortars pressured me to focus and continue up the mountain.† Dangerous as it sounds Wedman survived his first combat experience unscratched. After the action on Mt. Della, WedmanRead MoreDisability, Mental, Emotional, Cognitive, And Traumatic Disorders1828 Words   |  8 Pagesutilized principally to refer to vision and hearing impairment, but other senses can be hindered. Visual disabilities is a vision misfortune (of an individual) to such an extent as to qualify as an extra help require through a critical confinement of visual capacity coming about because of either infection, trauma, or inherent or degenerative conditions that can t be redressed by traditional means, for example, refractive remedy, prescription, or surgery. 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At what distance should a person without hearing difficulties be able to hear an average conversational voice in a quiet room a) 1 metre (3 feet) b)2 metres (6 feet) c) 3 metres (9 feet Answer:b 5. If you have been prescribed new medicine by your doctor you should a) continue with your normalRead MoreHealth Assessment Essay4586 Words   |  19 Pagesplants, or animals were reported. No change in skin color, pigmentation, nevi, or mole. No pruritus, rash, itching, lesions. No bruises present. Denies any changes in medication or its dosages. Patient is allergic to penicillin react rash. Hair, no loss (alopecia) or change in texture. No change in nails, their shape, color, brittleness. Patient denies chewing, biting nails. Patient denies environmental and occupational hazards, such as dyes, toxic chemicals, radiation. Patient reports caring forRead MoreNursing Care Plan Essay10501 Words   |  43 PagesInfectious Disease consults when necessary. 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Analysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five - 1134 Words

What I Need When a Tralfamadorian sees a corpse, all he thinks is that the dead person is in a bad condition in that particular moment, but that the same person is just fine in plenty of other moments. Now, when I myself hear that somebody is dead, I simply shrug and say what the Tralfamadorians say about dead people, which is so it goes. This quote, from Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse-five, has always stuck with me. Looking at the world through a softly tinted glass can brighten the edges. All the difficult and low stretches of life could be such a small fraction, if we would look at things from perspectives other than our own. Some would tell me I should enjoy revenge. That it could bring me as much joy as any other form of self gratification. Others would advise against it, recognizing its destructive tendency. True happiness is such a fragile emotion that weighing all the options and paths and different forms of it, make life decisions especially complex. It was the week after my eighteenth birthday and the smell of artificial smoke and the sound of young children dressed as monsters, demanding sweet treats, permeated my room. My fingers pressed to The Jade Shard, the book I had chosen for the project which had gotten all warped from the moisture that attacked the pages when I was reading it in the steamy shower. I sat down at my laptop, my body limp from exhaustion, to work on a paper for school. Writer’s block tripped me like The Mountain did The Red Viper.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five Essay2080 Words   |  9 PagesNatalie Lubben December 5, 2016 Rhetorical Analysis Essay Draft Slaughterhouse-five War is a virus, a plagues our world and has experienced since the early ages of time. Once a war is cured a new strain begins stronger and more unforgiving as the last. Humans are creatures of habit which continue the violence. Kurt Vonnegut’s novel, slaughterhouse-five, is a deliberate and well developed statement against war as expressed through the tone, rhetoric, and characters, making anti war a prominentRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five 1453 Words   |  6 Pagesbut the main traits of post-modernism are embracing skepticism and overturning conventions. With this in mind, Kurt Vonnegut explores war drawing parallels from his own past experience and depicts it through his character Billy Pilgrim allowing the reader to see the dichotomy in reality and fiction, separating his novel from the normal layout of a linear novel. Also, Slaughterhouse-Five discusses the controversial military action as a post-modern novel, as it brings many perspectives to the bombingRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five 1634 Words   |  7 PagesKurt Vonnegut once said, â€Å"So it goes† to describe the unavoidableness of fate. This aspect of seeing terrible things and being able to continue on would become a main theme in his novels. Vonnegut, as an author, received his essential voice by writing about his own experiences, using what would become his signature pessimistic yet humanist view. Vonnegut is described by Lindsay Clark as, â€Å"Worse than a pessimist†¦ he is an eternal optimist doomed to disappointment† (Clark, â€Å"Viewing Four Vonnegut NovelsRead MoreKurt Vonnegut : A Hybrid Of Science Fiction And Satire1716 Words   |  7 PagesLeanne Arata English 11 Mrs. Wheeler 5/8/2016 Kurt Vonnegut The idea of making a work that does not fit into a single category of work is how Kurt Vonnegut has become such a phenomenon. Kurt Vonnegut has a hybrid writing style which allows him to critique human nature and this is evident in his work. A hybrid writer is someone who makes something by combining two different genres to create something new. Vonnegut’s work is a hybrid of science fiction and satire. Satire is an author’s way of sayingRead MoreKurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesI. Author- Kurt Vonnegut’s background had an endless influence upon his writing. In his early years, Vonnegut was a private in the 106th infantry division in World War II. He and five scouts were caught behind enemy lines, and then captured. They were held POWs and were beaten on various occasions. In 1945, they witnessed the fire-bombing of Dresden, Germany. Kept during this time in a slaughterhouse, this is part of the inspiration for Slaughterhouse-five. After being released from the SlaughterhouseRead MorePoststructuralist Analysis Of Slaughterhouse-Five. Poststructuralism1603 Words   |  7 PagesPoststructuralist Analysis of Slaughterhouse-Five Poststructuralism is a form of psychoanalytic theory. It is the study of the natural development of the psyche to structure. In this critical analysis, Lacanianism will be the focus. â€Å" Lacan’s psychoanalytic work is often evoked to explain how power works, why the individual - the subject - is so extraordinarily susceptible to power† (Bertens, 161). What this form of poststructuralist psychoanalysis can do is explain someone’s behavior by deconstructingRead MoreEpicac by Kurt Vonnegut897 Words   |  4 PagesEPICAC is a short story which is written by Kurt Vonnegut and published in his book  ¨Welcome to the Monkey House ¨ (1968). This book is a collection of short stories with different themes from war-time epics to futuristic thrillers. This story was first published before in 1950 for Colliers Weekly. Kurt Vonnegut (1992-2007) is considered one of the most influential American novelists of the twentieth century. Some of his most importantRead MoreThe Mom2180 Words   |  9 Pages | |Author(s): Wilson |Date Created / Revised: 4-06-2010 | |Six Weeks Period: 6th |Grade Level Course: English III AP | |Timeline:   25 Days |Lesson Unit Title:  Slaughterhouse Five/AP Test Blitz Read MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman2534 Words   |  11 Pagescertain that Gilman’s own experiences of mental health problems and subsequent inadequate attempts at treatment provided the mainstay of her inspiration for the novel. In her autobiography Gilman stated that the real purpose of the story was to reach Dr. S. Weir Mitchell [her doctor], and convince him of the error of his ways’. Gilman’s use of such a forwardly unreliable narrator was not ground-breaking, the technique has been utilised by authors from Chaucer to Sterne. Yet Gilman’s choice utilisationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Limerence Of Martha 1170 Words   |  5 Pagesmortal. Many war writers who have seen action follow that same trend, especially if they have been on active duty. Kurt Vonnegut has been renowned for his stor y Slaughterhouse 5 where he tells of a first-person tale about the Dresden firebombing. The Things They Carried and Slaughterhouse Five both carrying the tone of humping life on your shoulders. It is routine survival from Vonnegut s quote â€Å"so it goes,† and Tim O’Brien’s quote â€Å"determined by necessity.† These books are raw, untainted passion.

College And Career Readiness For College Students Essay

As the United States economy requires more students to obtain college degrees, the number of students entering college unprepared becomes a pressing concern. According to Bragg Taylor (2014) growing concern of college and career readiness (CCR) in the United States is requiring policy makers and educators to review factors that contribute to success. When students enter college unprepared, remediation courses are taken costing the student monies for skills that could have been completed prior to post-secondary education (Jackson Kurleander, 2013). In order for students to meet standards set by postsecondary institutions, the students must demonstrate the skills and knowledge necessary. David Conley (2010) describes college readiness as, â€Å"the level of preparation a student needs in order to enroll and succeed without remediation—in a credit-bearing course at a postsecondary institution.† To achieve college readiness amongst all incoming college students, strateg ies must be developed for high school students to become college ready. Statement of Problem College readiness has attracted the attention of educators, policy makers, and researchers (Shaw, Marini, Mattern, 2012). Understanding the relationship between AP courses and college readiness will assist educators, policy makers, and researchers. Research Questions How does advanced placement courses taken in high school effect college readiness? Should Advanced Placement courses be a requiredShow MoreRelatedHigh School Students : Common Core And College And Career Readiness1706 Words   |  7 Pagesschool graduates exposed to two different curriculums: Common Core and College and Career Readiness The Race to the Top program has spearheaded many highs school to purse programs that increase students completion of college from 40 to 60 percent within 16 years of their induction into the public education system (Transforming American Education: Learning Powered by Technology, n.d.). The government’s plan is the faster the student completes their higher education, the faster they join the workforceRead MoreAction Research On Act Best Practices Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pageslabeled as â€Å"At Risk of Failing†. The graduation rate was 49.1% during this same time. In addition, students were enrolling in post-secondary institutions at a rate around 30%. Of those enrolling, 15 to 20% were actually completing the post-secondary education. The enrollment data of students in post-secondary education and completion data is compiled from the researcher and counseling staff charting students’ completion until the summer of 2015. As early as school year 2010-2011, North Panola High SchoolRead MoreEvaluation Of A Student s College Readiness Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermine a student’s college readiness. These pieces are not of equal importance, the majority of the weight is placed solely on the ACT score. The problem arises, however, with the question of accuracy. How can a test, specifically the ACT, depict a student’s success in college, especially when the assessment only tests students on memorized information? To determine if the ACT can accurately depict how prepared a student is for college, one must begin by defining college readiness. According to DavidRead MoreAction Research On Act Best Practices Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesas ?At Risk of Failing?.? The graduation rate was 49.1% during this same time?. In addition, students were enrolling in post-secondary institutions at a rate around 30%. Of those enrolling, 15 to 20% were actually completing the post-secondary education?. The enrollment data of students in post-secondary education and completion data is compiled from the researcher and counseling staff charting students? completion until the summer of 2015. As early as school year 2010-2011, North Panola High SchoolRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Higher Ed 950 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle. The purpose of the article is to inform people about whether or not students are ready for college level education and how to better prepare students for meeting the academic requirements and education level that they should be before entering college. â€Å"According to the ACT’s recently released Condition of College and Career Readiness 2013, only 26% of all ACT-tested high school graduates met the College Readiness Benchmarks in English, Reading, Mathematics and Science in 2013† (Chan, 2014)Read MoreHow Does The Linked Learning Approach Increase The College And Career Readiness Of Hispanic And African American Males At Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesHow does the Linked Learning Approach increase the college and career readiness of Latino and African American males at the high school level? 11. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT: There are many factors that could affect the college and career readiness of African American and Latino males, however programs that marry career and technical skills with academics like the Linked Learning Approach may help to improve that readiness drastically Growing up, my family has always been close, especially myRead MoreThe Importance Of Common Core Standards746 Words   |  3 Pagesfor Mathematics and English Language Arts have been renamed and are now known as the Alabama College and Career Readiness Standards. Of course, like any new idea, there has been some controversy about the topic. Educators, students, parents and administrators all have their own viewpoint and opinions about the new standards. As a student, and future educator, I believe that the Alabama College Career Readiness Standards are a great addition to the state of Alabama’s educational system. 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The overallRead MoreNew High School Graduation Requirements789 Words   |  4 Pagescompleting the state’s credit requirements and demonstrating proficiency on state standardized assessments, students must meet three personalized learning requirements (PLRs): 1) completion of an education plan and profile; 2) participation in career-related learning experiences; and 3) extended application of personalized learning knowledge and skills in activities relevant to postsecondary and career goals. This process is intended to begin in grade 7 and continue through a student’s senior year. SeeRead MoreGraduation Speech : High School1250 Words   |  5 PagesDo you ever wonder if the students in high school are thinking about going to the next level after graduation? Its defiantly one of the best ideas to make and that’s from my own personal experience. College isn’t for everyone; we all know that saying. But what people don’t understand is how far they can grow in your dreams and careers in the future. Transitioning from high school to college is a big step forward, even though; most students aren’t ready for college but they have amazing high schools

Software Release Management Handbook free essay sample

Full documentation of each change: each change in a SAP system has a link to a Change Request and a Service Desk incident. 3. Changes can be scheduled according to priority, category, and possible impact. 4. Ensure a consistent approval process for each change: all changes have to follow an established workflow. Only changes that are approved and tested come into production. 5. SAP Change Request Management incorporates SAP Best Practices in transport Management and ITIL-compliant processes. 6. Management ABAP and non-ABAP system changes is possible Driving factors for Software Release Management Would you fly to Mars with the software of your organization? † * * Overview A software release decision is a trade-off where, in theory, the objective is to maximize the economic value. Inputs into the release decision are expected cash inflows and outflows if the product is released. When should a product be released? What is the market window? What are the expectations of customers and end-users? A software release decision deals with the difficulty of verifying the correct implementation of functional and non-functional requirements. We will write a custom essay sample on Software Release Management Handbook or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How much testing is needed? IT departments are challenged to find the optimal level of information, as information has its price in cost and time. The decision-making process to release a product will normally involve different stakeholders, who will not necessarily have the same preferences for the decision outcome. A decision is only considered successful if there is congruence between the expected outcome and the actual outcome, which sets requirements for decision implementation. In SAP applications, there are several problems and risks if no Software change strategy has been established: . Forgotten transports may lead to errors in production 8. Downgrading Object Versions by transport sequence violations 9. Inconsistencies between DEV, QAS, Pre-PRD and PRD, due to different reasons: * Open developments in DEV which have not been yet exported * Transport in QAS or Pre-PRD which have not been imported in PRD * Therefore, all those systems are on different software levels: One big risk is that programs succe ssfully tested, might fail in PRD 10. Several parallel projects with different timelines, Projects and maintenance in parallel 11. Version inconsistencies during bug-fixing: an object in production must be maintained, but it’s version in DEV is already changed 12. Detection of cross-reference errors during bug-fixing: an object in production depends on another project which has been changed in DEV and QAS but not in PRD. To mitigate these risks a Pre-PRD system should be in place, between QAS and PRD, to detect errors and inconsistencies before the changes reach production. Pre-PRD must represent the current software/configuration state of production, thus it should be kept as aligned as possible. The importance of Planning Projects amp; Maintenance During the SAP application lifecycle, changes of different types, risk and impact and criticality, will need to be developed, tested and imported into production. There are different strategies to bundle all the changes: * From a permanent flow of changes (at a given point, all changes move through the landscape and go into production) * To a strict release ma nagement who bundles all changes to larger packages – the releases – that are transported and quality assured as one entity. The latter is the recommended approach: to strictly bundle the changes into difference release categories to enable an effective Quality Management process and reduces the frequency of importing changes into production. However, bundling all changes into releases slows down the realization time of changes. This leads to the SAP supported concept of Parallel Projects. Projects are managed and documented by SAP Solution Manager, and there defined by their Release Cycles: any change which is related to a project, moves synchronously from development, trough test and production. Working with Parallel Projects: Risk of Objects conflicts and dependencies There are two types of problems when working with parallel projects: Object Conflicts : 13. This means that the same objects are contained in different projects. 14. The project which is imported as last, overwrites the objects of the other project. Therefore, the project which was imported first might not work anymore after the import of the second project. Object Dependencies : 15. Objects in different projects use each other, for example a program in project 1 calls an object included in project 2. 16. If only one of the projects is imported into another system, it will fail. This is a problem called cross-reference inconsistency. Again, to allow IATA managing SAP Parallel Projects, we’ve set a Pre-PRD environment, which has the current software/configuration release of PRD plus the next coming project: dependencies and crossed reference errors can be isolated and fixed before they go into production. * * Parallel Projects Best Practises * An estimation of potential collisions (object changed in different projects) should be performed before a project starts by the development team responsible * If no collision are expected, projects can be done in parallel * If collisions are expected, projects should be done in sequence of having a common Go-Live * If possible, several small projects should be bundled into one big project with a common Go-Live date. S wap out long running projects into separate environments, if possible. * Advantages of Managing Software Releases * Frequency of changes to production is dramatically reduced * End users won’t be confused by frequently changed functionality * The rollout of a new functionality can be done in a controlled way, including announcement, end user training, testing and documentation * For each change the right testing approach is taken Enough time for testing invasive changes in Major Releases * Common regression and integration testing for several projects in one run (resulting in lower cost and reduced risk) * Appropriate tests and infrastructure for testing minor releases * Reduction of daily changes to the absolute emergencies * Risk of inconsistencies reduced (forgotten transports or sequence violations) * Reduced administration efforts for transport management as all projects move at a single point in time * Using change categories consequently still allows flexibility for ur gent changes * Higher stability in Production * Release Management Calendar After the first major Go-Live each organization faces the need for a Release Management Methodology that appropriately prioritizes projects and initiatives handle: the backlog of additional functionality requests fot the SAP system, additional SAP rollouts on deck (to other business units or territories), and other projects that need to be implemented, requiring use of the same resources that would be used for your SAP improvements and rollouts. An integrated Release Management methodology provide the following: 17. Ensures internal and external business drivers are considered in planning implementation timelines 18. Establishes a single point of accountability as release plans change through the lifecycle of projects in planning implementation timelines 19. Establishes a single point of accountability as release plans change through the lifecycle of projects 20. Provides a coordinated schedule for integration testing cycles, as well as an overall QA test, to minimize the risk of inconsistencies during Go-Lives in PRD 21. Provides a common infrastructure for control in the lifecycle (standards, checkpoints, go/no-go criteria, etc. ) 22. Provides consistent communications toward end users and project sponsors Especially for Major releases it is required to set up and publish a fixed maintenance calendar for a complete year (ideally 18 months), which includes the SAP maintenance activities: * A well defined maintenance calendar is an important condition for the approval process and the planning of changes. This calendar needs to include also the related test activities, the application maintenance phases and code freeze periods. * Projects phases will be compliant with the application maintenance phases to minize all the exposed risks of version downgrade, transport sequence violation, code inconsistencies. SAP Solution Manager for Operations SAP Solution Manager is a set of tool to successfully implement and efficiently manage an SAP solution from its inception and implementation to daily operations an d support. Change Request Management workflows (ChaRM) represents a core functionality within the End2End Change Management Process in SolMan and consists of a number of individual elements which offer support to Project Management, Scheduling of changes, Deployment of change and consistent approval workflows. Projects in SAP Solution Manager * * Overview SAP offers its concept of PROJECTS to group comprehensive customizing and development activities. Project Administration allows you to structure and classify change activities and the associated technical changes. These technical changes result in transport requests, which are distributed within the system landscape using the SAP Transport Management System. Various project types are delivered as standard with SAP SolMan, the project types which can take advantage of the Change Request Management workflows are: 23. Implementation project 24. Upgrade project 25. Maintenance project 26. Template project A first distinction between these projects is made whether they are executed cyclically or once only. Clearly a Maintenance project can be defined as recurring, because it’s always starting over once has been successfully completed. A Maintenance project is used to maintain processes or functions that are already in production, this means the project cycles will be slightly different from the ones of the other project types. Defining a Project in SAP SolMan is a prerequisite for ChaRM workflows; however additional Project functions are used in the managed systems and linked to the SolMan project to facilitate the monitoring of changes in these systems. The Project functions used in the monitored systems are the IMG (Implementation Guide) Projects and the CTS (Change and Transport System) Projects. If you activate ChaRM workflows for your Project in SAP Solution Manager, a link to an IMG project and a CTS project will be established in automatic in the managed SAP systems, to coordinate the technical changes in the SAP landscape, between DEV, QAS, Pre-PRD and PRD. Projects phases and lifecycle In SAP SolMan, all Projects have a certain lifecycle, referred to as the Project Cycle. A Project Cycle is, in turn, divided into a number of Phases. These phases reflect the individual steps involved in a project, such as the development and test phase. Project Phases are visible in the blueprint and configuration transaction. Project Phases determine whether or not a transport request can be created, released or imported. ChaRM maps project phases and the functions required during each of these. The possible phase value for a cycle, which are identical in all projects, are as follows: 27. Created 28. Development without Release 29. Development with Release 30. Test 31. Emergency Correction (also referred as Go-Live Preparation) 32. Go-Live 33. To be Closed 34. Closed Let’s have a closer look to those phases in blue, for two different Project types, which are relevant for daily system operations: various activities are executed within these phases. Besides the Project Phases are identical for all Project type, when SAP Change Request Management is activated for a Project, SolMan generates a specific task list the Project type. Let’s have a look at the task lists for the two broader Project types: Maintenance Project and Implementation/Upgrade Projects. Technically a Project Cycle is represented in SolMan by a task list (generated into the Schedule Manager) and a change transaction (a CRM document). The task list contains the list of activities of the Project and the change transaction allows you to move from one project phase to another and provides information about the transport requests belonging to the project. Implementation/Upgrade Projects For Implementation and Upgrade projects, the Project Cycle looks like the picture below. The allowed activities (transactions) in Change Request Management, for these project types, are: 35. Development / Development Activity in Upgrade and Templates 36. Administration Maintenance Projects Maintenance projects have also their own project lifecycle, however in this case we refer to as a Maintenance Cycle. For example, a permanent maintenance project for a live solution may be divided into maintenance cycles of three months each, which divide the release calendar in quarterly releases. All necessary support and maintenance tasks are executed within these maintenance cycles. These include, most importantly, development and testing of corrections. These activities are divided into phases within each three-month maintenance cycle. For example, each cycle includes a development phase and a test phase. At the end of the three months, the maintenance cycle has reached the final phase and all of the changes from the cycle are imported into the production system, and a new maintenance cycle can then be generated to manage all the changes that arise over the next three months. Maintenance projects differ from other project types in one important respect. Within a maintenance cycle it may be necessary to import an important change or correction into the production system as quickly as possible. In this case, the three-month cycle is too long. A special change transaction is therefore provided for this very typical scenario: an Urgent Correction. This change is only available in the Maintenance Projects and enables an immediate transport of changes into the production system, independent of the phases in the maintenance cycle. For a Maintenance Project, the Project Cycle (Maintenance Cycle) looks like the picture below. The allowed activities (transactions) in Change Request Management, for these project types, are: 37. Normal Correction 38. Urgent Correction 39. Administration 0. Test Message As illustrated above, Normal Corrections for a Maintenance Cycle are only possible during the Development Phases, during the subsequent phases, Normal Corrections can only be transported into the quality assurance system and, from there, the production system. Urgent Corrections, on the other hand, can be created up until shortly before the Go-Live to ensure their integration into the same maintenance cycle. You can create Normal Corrections after the development phase; however these will then be part of the next maintenance cycle. Transactions in Change Request Management In ChaRM various workflows are provided to fulfil diverse change requests process requirements. These workflows, from a technical point of view, represent various transactions types and documents created in the CRM service process transaction (CRMD_ORDER). The Service Desk message is not part of Change Request Management, but it often initiates actions in ChaRM. In a Service Desk incident message you have the option of creating a linked Change Request. These Change Request may give raise to various follow-up transactions, which are mapped by default by urgent corrections, normal corrections and the administration message. Test messages represent a special case because they are issued without a change request. Information about the people and the system involved is stored in each transaction, as master data, which must be maintained in SAP Solution Manager. Business Partners need to be maintained for the people involved, whereas information must be maintained in the installed base (IBase) for the supported systems. Change Request The creation of a Change Request represents the first sub-process of the SAP Change Request Management; its main role is to document the request and all the associated information, about change status, requestor, approver, ester, as well as the technical change (transport orders) in the SAP system. Some of these information are essential to ensure that no error occurs during further processing of the Change Request Management. A Change type must be entered, there you specify the transaction that is to be used to implement the change: you can choose between a Development or Adm inistration message, and in case of a maintenance project, you can even choose a Normal or Urgent Correction. The purpose of the Change Request is to have your change approved or rejected. A Status Profile maps the change request process, we’ll go later into details. A Change Request can be created from transaction CRMD_ORDER, within a Service Desk Incident Message or using the transaction CHARM_CREATE. Once a description of the change has been entered, as well as information about the Sold-To-Party, Requester and Change Manager, an action to approve or reject the request will be requested to the Change Manager. If the Change is rejected, the user status Rejected is set automatically and the document is closed. No further changes can be made to the document at this point. If the Change is approved, the user status Approved is set and a follow-up transaction is generated, called Change Document, which is different whether it’s been selected the change to be a Normal Correction, an Urgent, a Development, etc. The following table represents the different Change Request Management transactions available. If several projects or maintenance cycles exist for a system, the system prompts you to select to which project or maintenance cycle the change request belong. SAP SolMan Transaction| SAP CRM transaction| Scenario| Remarks| Sevice Desk Incident Message| SLFN| Incident Management|   | IATA Custom Support Message| ZSLF| Incident Management| IATA Custom version for SFLN| Change Request| SDCR| ChaRM|   | Urgent Correction| SDHF| ChaRM| Only available in Maintenance Cycles| Normal Correction / Development| SDMJ| ChaRM| New version, with Transport of copies| OLD Normal Correction / Development| SDMI| ChaRM|   | Administration message| SDAD| ChaRM|   | Test message| SDTM| ChaRM|   | Maintenance Cycles| SDMN| Project Management|   | Project Cycles| SDDV| Project Management|   | Change Document The Change Document, as shown in an earlier picture, is an umbrella term for the transaction types that represent Urgent, Normal Corrections, Development, Administration messages, etc. Change Documents implement an approved Change Request and follow-up with their specific workflow the type of change that has been requested into the SAP system. Normal Correction / Development A Normal Correction, which is also referred to as a Development activity in implementation/template/upgrade projects, represents the typical process used for new or change implementations. Most changes should be executed with this transaction type. This Change Document is represented by two transaction types in SolMan: SDMJ and SDMI. The SDMJ is an improved recent version, whose main difference with the SDMI is that this latter requests the developer to create new transport orders if, for any reasons, the first development has to be repaired in quality assurance. The SDMJ bypass this problem because only transport of copies is executed between the development and quality assurance systems. The original transport request remains in the development system until the correction has been tested successfully, and it’s released after successful testing and can be imported into the quality assurance systems again, to proceed its test phase for the project. Various users will be actively involved in a normal correction as part of the Change Request Management process, these are well represented by the picture below. During the course of a normal correction, these users (as example, the developer) can set the correction to In Development and then generate transport requests in the DEV system, to which the change will be added later. After the development activity has been completed, the normal correction can be transferred to testing. The change is automatically released in the DEV system and imported into QAS system and then evaluate if testing as successful or unsuccessful. If testing is unsuccessful, the status of the change document is reset to In Development, whereas the successful testing changes to status Consolidated. This status indicates that testing has been successful and enables the import of the change into PRD or Pre-PRD, according to the specific SAP landscape strategy. When all changes have been successfully imported into PRD system, the individual change documents can be completed by setting the user status from Consolidated to Production. The various user statuses that represent the individual steps involved in a normal correction are as follows: 41. Created 42. In Development 43. To be Tested 44. Consolidated 45. Production 46. Withdrawn These status values map the various steps in a normal correction, provide a general overview for users and facilitate navigation. The following table shows the activities that are possible in a normal correction during the various phases of an Implementation, Template or Upgrade project. Normal Correction in an Implementation, Template or Upgrade Project|   |   |   | Phase| Request| Approval| In Development| Release| Finish dev. | Pass to Test | Production Import| Created| Y| N| N| N| N| N| N| Dev. w. out Release| Y| Y| Y| N| N| N| N| Dev. with Release| Y| Y| Y| Y| Y| Y| N| Test| N| N| N| N| N| N| N| Emergency Correction| N| N| N| N| N| N| N| Go Live| N| N| N| N| N| N| Y| Being Completed| N| N| N| N| N| N| N| Completed| N| N| N| N| N| N| N| Noticeably, a normal correction can only be created and transported during the development phases of a project. Once the project has entered the Test Phase, any necessary improvements or corrections can be executed using a Test message. All corrections must be released or withdrawn in the development system when the project passes into the Test phase. Any necessary corrective action can still be implemented during Test and Emergency Correction phases. However, transport requests can only be created centrally in the project task list at this point. Notice also how import of transports into production system is only possible during the Go Live phase. The following table shows the activities that are possible in a normal correction during the various phases of a Maintenance cycle. Normal Correction in Maintenance Project|   |   |   |   |   | Phase| Request| Approval| In Development| Release| Finish dev. | Pass to Test | Production Import| Created| Y| N| N| N| N| N| N| Dev. w. out Release| Y| Y| Y| N| N| N| N| Dev. with Release| Y| Y| Y| Y| Y| Y| N| Test| Y| Y| Y| N| N| N| N| Emergency Correction| Y| Y| Y| N| N| N| N| Go Live| Y| Y| Y| N| N| N| Y| Being Completed| N| N| N| N| N| N| N| Completed| N| N| N| N| N| N| N| In the case of a Maintenance project, a normal correction can be created and edited at any stage. However, once the maintenance cycle reaches the Test phase, any normal correction created in Test phase or the subsequent phases, will not be part of the current maintenance cycle, i. e. will be imported in production during next cycle. In Test phase, normal corrections cannot release other transport; this prevents the transport of changes into QAS during the integration test. Corrective actions can be created by the Release Manager on the central task list of the maintenance cycle, either during Test and Emergency Correction phases, but this can be considered for exceptional cases. Urgent Correction Urgent Correction, which is only available in maintenance projects, is a transaction used when a change must be transported immediately into the target system. It allows you of transporting a change into production system regardless the maintenance cycle phase. Urgent corrections are partly automated transactions, where users do not have to enter many actions as in the Normal corrections. This flexibility is due to the individual task list of an urgent correction; Project cycle and task list are normally assigned to a project or a maintenance. This is why you can release transports and move into systems freely, cause you’re not assigned to a project or maintenance cycle. Urgent corrections may have the following statuses: 47. Created 48. In Development 49. To be Tested 50. Successfully Tested 51. Production 52. Withdrawn Urgent corrections workflow is well represented by the picture below: Administration Message The Administration message is used to document activities that do not result in a transport request; for example, changing an instance profile parameter or maintaining master data. An administration message is only of relevance to a selected system (say QAS) rather than to the entire system group (DEV, QAS, Pre-PRD and PRD) as in the case of a normal or urgent correction. The purpose of an administration message is to document specific changes so that it is possible to track, at any point, which users have made which changes to the system, An administration message may have the following status values: 53. Created 54. In Process 55. Completed 56. Confirmed 57. Withdrawn In principle, an administration message offers the same functionality as a normal or urgent correction; the only functions not available in this messages are those relating to the Transport Management System. Test Message The Test message represents something of an exception; this transaction is created without reference to a Change Request. Test messages are used for troubleshooting purposes during the integration test and can therefore only be created during the Test phase of a Project or a Maintenance Cycle. As the Test message refers to the correction of a change that has already been approved, there’s no need for a change request in this case. The users involved in this message are a developer and a tester. Test messages can be created by testers by transaction TEST_CREATE in Test phase, the developer can then create a corresponding correction in the DEV system and then transfer it to QAS for retesting. A test message may have the following user statuses: 58. Created 59. In Process 60. To be Retested 61. Confirmed 62. Withdrawn When the correction has been imported into the QAS system, the tester can conduct a new test to include the correction. If the test is successful, the test message is completed. Change Process in IATA * 5. 1 SAP System Change Request approval process 5. 2Decision Criteria for Change categories in Application Management A SCR (System Change Request) can be categorized as Urgent Correction if it regards: 63. Critical Business Processes do not work 64. Resolution of priority 1 application incident tickets 65. Bug-fixes (corrections to existing functionalities) 66. Small enhancements requests with limited effort (less than 5 days) A SCR can be categorized as Normal Correction if it regards: 67. Completely new functionality 68. Enhancement requests with a major effort (more than 5 days) 69. System outage required * 5. 3 Change Meeting and schedule Below a representation of IATA’s Change Process, the two milestones to approve a system change are: 70. Change Control Board : the SCR are presented using a specific form to facilitate the discussion and approval by the Business Process Owners gt;gt; CCB Meeting is scheduled each Thursday 71.